Critical Appraisal of Pain Assessment Tools

Basic Appraisal of Pain Assessment Tools Presentation Patients giving intense torment in medical clinic settings need prompt intercession and care to improve wellbeing results (Department of Health Service, 2007). At the point when serious intense torment isn't fittingly dealt with, this could prompt unfriendly mental and physiological impacts, less fortunate wellbeing results and delayed emergency clinic remain (ANZCA, 2005). In Australia, around 33% of patients in medical clinic settings report encountering moderate to extreme agony at any rate once during their emergency clinic remain (DHS, 2007). While this figure may differ as per the populace overviewed in clinic settings, it is seen that insufficient help with discomfort is as yet present in these settings (ANZCA, 2005). Quality consideration for patients giving intense torment starts with the utilization of a proper agony evaluation device. The principle point of this exposition is to basically survey current torment appraisal devices that are suggested by the Department of Health Services (DHS, 2007). Distributed essential examinations will be utilized to help the basic investigation. The initial segment of this paper will think about a scope of agony appraisal apparatuses for patients giving intense torment. The subsequent part basically investigations torment evaluation alternatives for patients who are non-verbal, have noteworthy psychological weakness or language capacities handicap. An end will at that point sum up the key issues brought up in this exposition. Basic Analysis of Current Pain Assessment Tools Agony evaluation devices run from the utilization of abstract to target torment scoring appraisal devices. Instances of abstract torment scoring devices incorporate the visual simple scale (VAS), numerical rating scale (NRS) and the faces torment scale (FPS). Target measures incorporate the social torment appraisal scale,functional movement score and Abbey Pain Scale. Right now, VAS is one of the suggested devices for surveying intense torment in various gatherings of patients (DHS, 2007). Ongoing examinations (Phan et al., 2012; Angthong, Cherchugit, Suntharapa, Harnroongroj, 2011; Boonstra, SchiphorstPreuper, Reneman, Posthumus, Stewart, 2008) have additionally demonstrated its legitimacy and unwavering quality for various wellbeing conditions across various gatherings of patients and in different human services settings outside Australia. Aside from broad distributed information on the unwavering quality and legitimacy of the VAS, it is additionally demonstrated to be progressivel y delicate when contrasted with graphic torment scales (Boonstra et al., 2008). In the mean time, a randomized controlled preliminary (Farrar, Troxel, Stott, Duncombe, Jensen, 2008) likewise shows the legitimacy and unwavering quality of the numeric rating scale in surveying intense torment as well as in estimating spasticity of patients experiencing different sclerosis. This rating scale positions torment from 1 to 10 or 0-11. Nonetheless, it changes over torment sensation to a number (Farrar et al., 2008). While it is theoretically direct, medical caretakers need to disclose its utilization to the patients. This device is additionally language subordinate. Subsequently, it is fundamental that non-English talking patients ought to be appointed to medical caretakers who communicate in a similar language to lessen the danger of misconception on the utilization of NRS. Aside from VAS and NRS, FPS is additionally usually utilized for torment evaluation. One of the upsides of the FPS is its appropriateness in estimating torment force in pediatric patients. In the investigation of Tsze, von Baeyer, Bulloch and Dayan (2013) that selected 620 patients matured 4 to 17 years of age, FPS proposes solid psychometric properties for this age gathering. Significantly, this examination shows that unwavering quality and legitimacy were likewise high between subgroups, sex, ethnicity and age of the kids. Tsze et al. (2013) used the planned, observational investigation including Spanish and English-talking kids. Despite the fact that this investigation configuration may build the danger of eyewitness inclination because of its examination plan, an imminent report configuration is fitting in approving the FPS (Polit, Beck Hungler, 2013). While one of the benefits of FPS is its agreeableness in more youthful and pediatric patients (Tsze et al., 2013), it could likew ise be utilized for the older. In Kim and Buschmann (2006), 31 more seasoned grown-ups were selected to decide the legitimacy of the FPS. Discoveries propose high develop legitimacy and test-retest dependability of FPS. In any case, the little example size of the investigation could restrict the materialness of the discoveries to a bigger and increasingly heterogeneous populace (Polit et al., 2013). All in all, these emotional torment appraisal devices have high entomb class relationship. An examination directed among Chinese patients during post-employable consideration (Li, Liu Herr, 2007) exhibits high entomb class relationship coefficients (running from 0.673 to 0.825) of VAS, FPS and NRS. This proposes that medicinal services professionals can utilize any of these apparatuses and show up at a comparative agony evaluation score. In the interim, target measures for agony, for example, the conduct torment appraisal scale and utilitarian movement score are utilized to evaluate torment of patients who are non-verbal or have experienced psychological impedance, for example, dementia (Husebo et al., 2008). Be that as it may, this may expand the danger of rater predisposition (Hek, Judd Moule, 2011) since medical attendants and other human services professionals evaluate the torment level of the patient. Thus, it is significant that between rater unwavering quality and inside consistency of these instruments ought to be built up. An ongoing report (Voepel-Lewis, Zanotti, Dammeyer Merkel, 2010) has demonstrated the utilization of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) social scale, which is like the conduct torment evaluation scale, as a compelling apparatus for torment appraisal in fundamentally sick grown-ups and kids. It has magnificent inner consistency (Cronbach alpha=0.882) and high between rater dependability. Another target torment evaluation instrument is the Abbey Pain Scale. This was created to evaluate torment in patients with serious intellectual hindrance, for example, those with extreme dementia and non-verbal patients. Ongoing observational examinations (Lukas, Barber, Johnson Gibson, 2013; Neville Ostini, 2013) exhibited high legitimacy and dependability of the Abbey Pain scale. In Neville and Ostini (2013), Abbey torment scale was contrasted and the Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators Scale and Doloplus-2. Discoveries recommend that all scales demonstrated great psychometric characteristics. Notwithstanding, the Abbey Pain Scale is increasingly pertinent for nurture raters who show lower levels of nursing capability. Neville and Ostini (2013) propose that medical caretakers who once in a while use torment rating scales could utilize the Abbey Pain Scale while as yet keeping up between rater unwavering quality. Lukas et al. (2013) contrasted the Abbey Pain Scale and other torment appraisal devices, for example, the Non-open Patient’s Pain Assessment Instrument (NOPPAIN) and the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale (PAINAD). Every one of these devices were approved to improve acknowledgment of the nearness or nonattendance of agony. These instruments were additionally valuable in helping medical caretakers rate the torment seriousness of more established patients with dementia. While torment evaluation is an essential for fitting administration of intense torment, there are a few worries about the utilization of torment power scoring frameworks. It has been demonstrated that agony is abstract. This proposes self-revealing of agony is variable and could be affected by a large group of components. Studies (Narayan, 2010; Garcia, Godoy-Izquierdo, Godoy, Perez Lopez-Chicheri, 2007) have indicated that language, culture and mental variables could all impact the view of agony. Reynolds, Hanson, DeVellis, Henderson and Steinhauser (2008) clarify that self-detailing of agony just gives human services specialists an understanding into how patients see their torment levels. Varieties in announcing of torment present a test to social insurance professionals since this may prompt over or under-treatment of agony (Wilson, 2007). Different factors, for example, desires for the patient in torment, the worthiness of deciphered devices and the technique or wording utilized during torment evaluation may be unfamiliar to the patients (Hall-Lord Larsson, 2006). All these could impact revealing of torment. There is additionally the hazard that eyewitnesses may disparage the torment (Wilson, 2007). Nurses’ information on torment appraisal is significant since low degrees of information on torment evaluation may influence how they survey the patient’s level of agony. Wilson (2007) contends that poor information could prompt imperfect consideration and poor torment the executives. This could have significant results on patients since torment the board probably won't be ideal. Corridor Lord and Larsson (2006) have focused on that torment evaluation could be impacted by the nurses’ qualities and information on torment appraisal. Absence of information on torment appraisal may prompt mistaken torment evaluation. Thusly, this could prompt poor administration and treatment of the hidden reason for torment. This additionally expands the danger of patients getting wrong torment treatment (Wilson, 2007). End Agony appraisal is significant in overseeing intense torment in clinic settings. Different devices have been tried for their unwavering quality and legitimacy. These are partitioned into emotional and target torment appraisal devices. The previous is commonly utilized for patients who don't have psychological hindrances while the last is utilized for patients with extreme intellectual disability and non-verbal patients. Studies refered to in this article have indicated the legitimacy and unwavering quality of these instruments. Studies that analyze the abstract torment appraisals likewise show high between connection. This proposes any of the devices could be utilized to evaluate torment. Regardless of broad investigations setting up the affectability, unwavering quality and legitimacy of the emotional devices, its application could in any case be constrained. Agony is profoundly emotional and shifts starting with one individual then onto the next. Target instruments may likewise be impacted by the nurses’ level of information on torment evaluation. At long last, this exposition shows the requirement for medical caretakers to in

Tim Wintons collection of short stories Essay Example For Students

Tim Wintons assortment of short stories Essay Tim Wintons assortment of short stories, Minimum of Two, embraces the significance of suffering as well as dominating the competition. Through the regularly motivating stories of Rachel, Queenie and the anonymous young lady in The Water was Dark and it went Forever Down, the peruser gets mindful of the need of continuing to succeed. In any case, Winton presents the characters who dont endure, who dont win and from multiple points of view come up short with compassion and comprehension. The more vulnerable male characters, for example, Jerra and Neil Madigan are instances of individuals who miss the mark concerning their desires and don't suffer existence with the mentality of You have to simply go, that was it; endure, win. We will compose a custom article on Tim Wintons assortment of short stories explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now In the story The Water was Dark and it went Forever Down, the principle character, who is recognized as a multi year old young lady, has lost her dad and has a troublesome relationship with her heavy drinker, antisocial mother. The triumphant is all attitude is appeared through the little youngsters faith in the snare of life The wiped out and the frail passed on and the youthful and the solid lived and flourished. The young lady is a valiant figure who shapes her own standards and lives by them. She is free and not dependent on any other person. Her quality is recognized through her choice that she should leave her mom so as to endure. The story closes with the young lady swimming through the channel. The equivocalness of the consummation sabotages the straightforwardness of the young ladies sense that being youthful and solid and immaculate is the only thing that is important throughout everyday life. Rachel Nilsams character in The Strong One additionally supports enduring and winning. From Forest Winter we are informed that having an infant had quieted her. In this story she chooses to assume responsibility and to consider social work at college. Rachel later gets in shape and begins to assume responsibility for her life again She had endure something to become Rachel once more. No; she realized she was more. Rachel is just not happy with living in a drooping, leased van yet rather she needs more. Shes had enough of this sort of living and blames Jerra for holding her back by his nostalgic nature. For Rachel, winning methods attesting ones own wants. She doesnt need to be subject to Jerra so she steps up to the plate of going to college to contemplate. Rachels assurance is an ideal case of enduring and winning In her expanse of new inclination she realized she must be the solid one. The family is simply getting by now however she needs more for them, she needs the best and she needs to end up as the winner. Queenie Cookson is another character who shows her inward quality and conquers obstacles, live to advise the story as well as to win. The story Laps begins with her starting to swim once more, following seven years, to shrug of destruction. We are informed that she had originated from her old neighborhood a washout, an untouchable and that she had abandoned a grave and a campaign and a well of sharpness. Queenie and her significant other Cleve had left Angelus, the town she experienced childhood in, after their fights about the whaling had prompted them being in a bad way. Queenie feels that the years they have had together have recuperated old scars and concludes she is prepared to return. This is an indication of her assurance and mental fortitude. Not the entirety of the characters in Minimum of Two give indications of internal quality and fortitude. Jerra is a character who isnt enduring and positively isnt winning. As the male in the family, he ought to be supporting them however his endeavors arent enough to keep them above water. Jerra is caught before and is speculative about the future Jerra appeared to hold up under weight structure the past as if they were treasures he needed to take with him. We are demonstrated another side of Jerra through Wintons thoughtful depiction of him. The peruser sees that in spite of the fact that he isn't succeeding, he is gutsy, decided and fearless. In Forest Winter, there is an indication of expectation as Jerra understands that life must go on and he should continue enduring He honed the teeth of the cutting apparatus and arranged to go out into the day. .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73 , .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73 .postImageUrl , .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73 , .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73:hover , .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73:visited , .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73:active { border:0!important; } .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73:active , .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73:hover { murkiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: re lative; } .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ua7 1e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ua71e9886fb3e4c7ad2617c201fb5fa73:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale: A Study of Rebellion EssayCertainly Tim Wintons most splendid characters are the individuals who simply go, the individuals who have vitality and an affection forever; the anonymous young lady in The Water Was Dark and it Went Forever Down, Queenie Cookson and Rachel Nilsam. They can possibly accomplish their points. In any case, a wanderer and visionary, for example, Jerra and the hyper Madigan, who can just win by establishing fierce retribution, are destined to disappointment.

What Type of Academic Paper Is a Movie Review

A movie review is a form of criticism where a movie is analyzed basing on genre, actors, storyline. A report of a film is a writers view on a certain picture. A good movie review must inform the readers as well as persuade them to watch it. However, the writer must know and feel the frames and do not tell the whole plot and tell what surprises the readers should expect. So, composing a professional report requires practice and skills. Therefore, composing a decent report of a film is definitely a piece of art that requires not only following instructions but understanding what information will make readers watch the film. A writer must have great analytical skills to define what will make a huge audience to become interested in the story and live it by watching the picture. The secret of a successful film report is being able to avoid general expressions. You should learn how to make your paper individual, providing clear reasons. In this article, you will find out how to create a film report and interest your audience. How to create a review of a film? If your task is to create a film review essay, there are 5 effective tips that will assist you when composing a great overlook no matter the genre, expected audience, or length of the movie. Follow these guidelines to compose an exciting report of a film: Watch the movie. The very first tip that you cannot skip is actually watching the film. Take time to understand the picture in a calm environment when no one disturbs you. Of course, the more times you can watch the film, the better you will understand the directors idea of a picture and the role of each character. This will help you to make to form your unique opinion. Form your opinion. After watching the picture, you should express your view. Note details and scenes that made you like and dislike the movie. If you loved the movie, mention a great actors performance, unforgettable action, the usefulness of the story for our generation and people in general. So you should interpret why you gave the film a high rate. If you were not impressed with the movie, explain why the watchers should not waste their time and money on watching a certain picture even if the main character if a very famous actor. If your view on the film is okay then explain what did not make you enjoy it and recommend but do not forget to say something like: â€Å"I really liked Keanu Reeves performance, therefore I could not skip another film with him. Still, there were so many boring scenes especially fiction, so I cannot recommend it for everyone unless you are a fan of Keanu Reeves or love fiction.† Understand your audience. Depending on your audience, you should choose the right approach. Writing a movie review for children, women, or men requires a diverse attitude. For example, a report of a movie for kids should match their age, so you need to make a good word choice. If you make a report of a film for women, then it is best to form a report on romantic details, relationship, and what helps women to become successful. If your report is addressed mainly to men than you should point the readers attention on strength, power, independence, and freedom. Actors. Undoubtedly, a significant part of every movie is actors. Mention who is acting in the film, whether you are impressed with their performance, as long as many people watch films exceptionally to see their favorite actors once again. Giving an outline. To give an outline is not that easy as many writers think. When you love the film, it is essential to explain why. However, you should not overstep the line and reveal the most surprising moments of the film or tell the readers how the film ends. You can say that the readers should expect surprising scenes, unexpected turns, and get ready for a joyful time when watching the picture. How should a movie review essay look? Write your film report following these steps to make it look professional: Introduction. Give an overview of actors and describe what the film is about. This paragraph will help the readers to make a decision to experience the film or not without finding out about your personal opinion in the rest of the report. Description. Describe the storyline of the film without revealing most interesting and exciting scenes based on your view and impression. Inform the readers which actor plays which role. Analysis. Announce your thoughts of the film analyzing the directors idea, the actors performance. Explain your likes and dislikes. Conclusion. Explain why a certain film was helpful in understanding the subject you are learning at college or university. Finally, you can inform the readers when the film will be released. If you know the date, mention it and tell where the film can be seen. Do not forget to mention the basic facts of a film such as: The title of the picture, and the year it came out The directors name The main actors names The genre Once a report is done, do not be lazy to read it a few times. Make sure your paper has a right structure, if not, edit it. Delete sentences that include phrases â€Å"I think†, â€Å"I do not like†, â€Å"It is great† and add material that is related to the film. Let someone read it to make sure that your homework is free of mistakes and excites the readers. If you can share your report and let people read it, this is a very effective way to tailor the paper and make it perfect. The more comments you get the better you can make your paper. Order a custom movie review on the Internet Any review whether on movie or book is one of the best ways to develop a critical opinion. When you get a task to review a movie, be prepared to learn and practice critical thinking and drawing an outline for a certain film. However, if you have never reviewed a film, doubt your grammar and spelling, or have a specified deadline, we would suggest you to order a film review essay and get it done by experienced writers. You will have an excellent support and assistance at composing an interesting and persuasive movie report written in the right format. By ordering a custom movie report, you will learn how to compose this type of academic paper and will do well when getting such task the next time. Get a professional film review perfectly structured, written in academic style, having excellent word choice, sentences flow, grammar, and spelling. Expert writers will help you to compose a report on any film, deliver it on time and make you impress your teachers and professors with a great result. Examples of film review essay can be found online as well as at our writing service. It is recommended to read reviews of the films you have already watched and liked, therefore, you will have a clear understanding how the film is described in a written form.

The First Amendment Anti-Discrimination Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2613 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/24 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: First Amendment Essay Did you like this example? Introduction A baker started his day with a prayer and a cup of coffee. He collects all the ingredients for his cake recipe when a gay couple walks in and asks for a wedding cake, completely unaware of what would come for him after this July afternoon. In Masterpiece Cakeshop Inc. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The First Amendment Anti-Discrimination Law" essay for you Create order v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, the court sheds light on the tensions between the First Amendment and Anti-discrimination laws, attempting to draw the line between individual freedoms and discrimination. The outcome of this case would fuel the ongoing fight for LGBTQ rights in the United States, especially under the new administration. The Supreme Court not only decides whether the application of Colorado’s Anti-discrimination law violates Free Speech or Free Exercise Clauses, but also how to balance the conflict between religion and homosexuality in today’s society. Roadmap This paper explains the facts of the Masterpiece Cakeshop case and highlights the relevant law and decision of the Colorado Court of Appeals. The paper discusses the issues at hand and pinpoints what the Supreme Court has to decide. It will provide a detailed explanation of the rationale of the Colorado Court of Appeals and touch upon the petitioner’s argument. Through a close analysis of both sources, this paper will explore the differences of the opposing parties and reveal the strengths and weakness of their arguments. Finally, the paper will conclude by proposing that the Supreme Court should uphold the Colorado Court of Appeals judgement. Statement of facts of the case In Masterpiece Cakeshop Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, the petitioners were Colorado Civil Rights Commission on behalf of Charlie Craig, and David Mullins and the respondents were Masterpiece Cakeshop, Inc. and Jack C. Phillips. In Lakewood, Colorado, Craig and Mullins visited Masterpiece Cakeshop and asked Phillips to design and bake their wedding cake to celebrate their same-sex marriage. Philips politely declined and explained that he does not make wedding cakes for same-sex weddings because of his religious beliefs; however, he willingly offered to provide other baked goods as alternatives. Craig and Mullins filed discrimination charges on the basis of sexual orientation under the Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act. Craig and Mullins also filed a complaint with the Office of Administrative Courts claiming that Masterpiece had discriminated against them in a public accommodation because of their sexual orientation, also in violation of the Colorado Anti-Discrimination Ac t. The parties did not dispute any material facts and therefore filed cross-motions for summary judgement. The Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the Commission’s decision in favor of the respondents. Masterpiece and Phillips appealed. Recitation of the relevant law There are two laws relevant in this case. The First Amendment prohibits laws â€Å"abridging the freedom of speech† and prevents congress from making laws that â€Å"prohibit the free exercise of religion.† The Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act (CADA) states that it is unlawful for a 2 person to refuse, withhold, or deny to an individual or a group â€Å"because of †¦ sexual orientation †¦ the full and equal enjoyment of goods services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or Masterpiece Cakeshop Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission1 U.S. Constitution2 accommodations of a place of public accommodation.† In order to file a discrimination claim 3 under CADA, plaintiffs must prove intent and that the discriminatory action was based in whole or in part on their membership in the protected class. Statement of the issue and holding The issue is whether the application of the public accommodations law to design and bake a cake for a same-sex wedding, which conflicts with religious beliefs, violate the Free Speech or Free Exercise Clauses of the First Amendment. The Colorado Civil Rights Commission found Masterpiece Cakeshop Ltd. in violation of CADA. The Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed on the basis that the Colorado public accommodations law does not violate Phillips’ first amendment rights. The supreme court must decide if the application of the Colorado public accommodations law that compels Phillip to express beliefs that conflict with his religious views violates the Free Speech or Free Exercise Clauses protected under the First Amendment. Another issue is the scope of what constitutes â€Å"symbolically expressive† in warranting First Amendment protections. The court of appeals held that designing and creating a custom cake is a form of conduct and not expressive speech. The Supreme Court m ust also determine whether or not the art of baking constitutes speech or conduct. Explanation of the rationale of the court of appeals The Colorado Court of Appeals referred to previous United States Supreme Court decisions to support their rationale. Masterpiece asserted that its refusal to serve Craig and Mullin was solely because of their intended conduct to enter a same-sex marriage, and not â€Å"because of† their sexual orientation. The Supreme Court recognized that distinctions between discrimination based on status and discrimination closely related with status were generally inappropriate. When conduct is so closely correlated with a status, the conduct is predominantly performed by people with that status: Gays, lesbians, and bisexuals predominantly engage in same-sex marriage. Masterpiece admitted that it refused to serve Craig and Mullin because of its opposition to same-sex marriage, which the court established as closely correlated to sexual orientation. Conseq uently, the court can reasonably assume that Masterpiece’s decision involved an intent to discriminate because of sexual orientation. The court of appeals also referred to the Supreme Court decision in Elane Photography, LLC v. Willock 309 P.3d 533, 60-64. In 2006, Vanessa Willock attempted to hire Elane Photography to take pictures during her wedding ceremony; however, Elane Photography refused to provide service due to the owner’s Christian beliefs. In 2012, the New Mexico Supreme Court held that New Mexico’s anti-discrimination law extends to protect â€Å"conduct that is inextricably tied to sexual orientation.† They also referred to Elane Photography, LLC v. 5 Willock to address Masterpiece’s claim that it did not completely refuse service by offering alternative goods. Elane Photography offered other services; however, offering alternatives does not change the fact that it refused to provide services offered to the public. The court also raised the issue of whether the Commission’s cease and desist order violated the First Amendment by requiring Masterpiece to make cakes for same-sex weddings. In order to decide if conduct is â€Å"inherently expressive,† the court must determine if there were any intentions of conveying a message and whether â€Å"the likelihood was great that the message would be understood by those who viewed it.† The conduct in question was the Colorado government’s mandate that Masterpiece must comply with CADA. The court concluded that selling wedding cakes to all customers, regardless of sexual orientation, does not communicate a celebratory message about same-sex weddings to a reasonable observer. It reasoned that the public would have no way of knowing if Masterpiece decided to serve their customers because of its views on same-sex marriage. The court also deduced that the fact that a business charges for its services reduces the likelihood that someone would believe that Masterpiece supports the message reflected in its products. The court made another reference to Elane Photography, LLC v. Willock 309 P.3d 533, 60-64. In 2012, New Mexico Supreme Court held that â€Å"while photography may be expressive, the operation of a photography business is not.† New Mexico’s public accommodations law did not force the 7photographer to convey a message, but rather mandated tha t the business as a public accommodation cannot discriminate against potential clients. By precedence, the court similarly concluded that CADA did not compel expressive conduct. Masterpiece’s argument (that the Commission focused on the conduct rather than the product) prompts the threshold question whether the compelled conduct was â€Å"sufficiently expressive.† The court determined that the Commissions order was not â€Å"sufficiently expressive† to call for First Amendment protections. It recognized that a wedding cake may convey a certain message in some circumstances; however, Philips refused service before discussing the cake’s design and hence, evidence of Craig’s and Mullin’s wedding cake details were not relevant to the case. The court also held that under CADA, Masterpiece is not obligated to agree with the views of its customers and can out rightly say so. By doing so, â€Å"such a message would have the effect of disassociating Masterpiece from its customers’ conduct.† In dealing with Free Exercise of Religion, the court concluded that CADA is a neutral law of general applicability, and hence, does not violate the first amendment. To support its argument, the court referred to Smith, 494 U.S. at 877. In 1990, the court concluded that the Free exercise clause â€Å"does not relieve an individual of obligation to comply with a valid and neutral law of general applicability† on the basis that the law forbids action that the religion requires, and vice versa. If the law burdened a religious practice, the law must be justified with â€Å"compelling government interest.† The court held that CADA was generally applicable because 9 it did not exclusively exempt secular conduct. In response to Masterpiece’s claim that CADA was not generally applicable because of its exemptions for bona fide relationships, the court mentioned that such circumstances do not discriminate on the basis of religion, and on face value, apply to both religious and secular conducts. CADA only exempts public accommodations that are principally used for religious purposes. The court also concluded that CADA was neutral. Masterpiece argued that CADA was not neutral because it exempts entities used for religious purposes, but not Masterpiece. The court held that Masterpiece was not exempt because the bakery was not primarily used for religious purposes. The court also added that, logically, the existence of an exemption for religious entities undermined the claim that the law discriminated against Masterpiece’s religious standpoint. The court of appeal concluded by establishing that the hybrid rights claim did not apply because the court had already decided that the Commissions cease and desist order did not violate Masterpiece’s right to expression. The court also held that, although the Colorado Constitution requires that it reviews neutral laws of general applicability under strict scrutiny, Colorado appellate courts have consistently relied on federal precedent when reviewing free exercise claims. The court concluded that CADA is â€Å"rationally related† to Colorado’s interest in eliminating discrimination in public accommodations. It mentioned that discrimination based on sexual orientation, especially in places of public accommodation, have adverse economic effects. Explanation of the petitioner’s argument The Petitioner focused on four main arguments against the holdings of the Colorado Court of Appeals. First, the petitioner claimed that the court reasoning conflicted with the Supreme Court’s compelled speech precedent, in that the court of appeals held that the state can compel Phillips to create a wedding cake that promotes a message he did not agree with and rob him of ownership over any message portrayed in his art. In other words, Phillip’s custom wedding cakes constitute speech and therefore, the state cannot compel him to create speech. Secondly, the petitioner argued that the holding that Phillip’s art was conduct and not speech directly conflicts with rulings by the Ninth and Eleventh Circuits. The Ninth and Eleventh courts essentially determined that the art of tattooing was pure expression â€Å"entitled to full constitutional protection.† The petitioner argued that the Ninth and Eleventh Circuit would have concluded that Phillip’s custom wedding cakes were pure speech. By minimizing the â€Å"creative process† as merely actions, the court of appeals avoided strong precedent against compelled speech. Alongside arguing that the court’s decision (that artistic cakes are non-expressive) fuels conflict in what is considered expressive, the petitioner believed that the ruling that Phillips violated CADA conflicts with the Supreme Court’s free-exercise precedent and the decisions by the Third, Sixth, and Tenth Circuits. The petitioner argued that by rejecting religious beliefs as a valid reason for declining an order, the Commission â€Å"singled out† Phillips’ religion for â€Å"discriminatory treatment.† In similar cases, the Commission considered the baker’s objection as â€Å"message-based† except of Phillips . Analysis The biggest difference in interpretation lies in logical versus emotional approach of the opposing parties. The court of appeals argued that the commissions order, â€Å"even if compelled by the government,† did not warrant first amendment protections because it was not sufficiently expressive. However, the petitioner argued that the mere idea that the government can compel conduct, even if it is justified, violated the constitution. Hence, the compelled speech doctrine should cease to exist on the basis that historically and in this case, the government had overstepped and â€Å"magnified the intrusiveness† of its order. Like the state cannot force people to recite the Pledge of Allegiance, it cannot force Phillips to conceive and form art that delivers a message that he does not agree with. Yet, the court of appeals explicitly stated that the compelled conduct was just that Masterpiece act in accordance with CADA by not basing its decision to serve a client on sexual orientation. If Masterpiece wishes to sell wedding cakes to heterosexual couple, it must also sell wedding cakes to same-sex couples in the same manner. Though the appeal of the petitioner’s argument lied in the idea that Colorado expects him to develop a custom design that celebrates homosexual marital union and physically create a wedding cake, which is typically very labor-intensive, the argument falls short by not distinguishing Phillips as a cake artist from that of a hairdresser or caterer. To add, the petitioner did not take into consideration that Phillips declined to serve Craig and Mullins before even discussing what they wanted in their wedding cake. As reflected in the explanation of the rationale of the court, the court of appeals took a very logical and organized approach when ruling that Phillips’ custom wedding cakes was conduct. The court could not determine if Craig’s and Mullin’s desired wedding cake constituted symbolic speech because, again, Philips declined Craig’s and Mullin’s request before any discussion about the cakes design. The petitioner responded by referring to the Ninth Circuit holding in Anderson v. City of Hermosa Beach, where the Ninth Circuit ruled that a tattoo is a form of expression â€Å"entitled to full constitutional protection.† It held that speech should not lose First Amendment protections based on the kind of surface it is applied. The petitioner argues that Phillip’s cakes are no less art than tattoos, composed of words, abstract or realistic images, and symbols, â€Å"all of which are protected forms of expression.† Although the petition er claims that the court of appeals â€Å"evaded strong precedent† by declaring the art of baking wedding cakes as conduct, there is doubt whether the Ninth Circuit holding can even apply. The tattoo parlor did not violate any law, where Masterpiece cake shop ran into conflict with the public accommodations act. At this point, the petitioner seems to be picking at strings in efforts to work around the structured approach of the court of appeals, perhaps attempting to draw sympathy from the Supreme Court. It is also interesting to note the emotional, descriptive, emotional diction in the petitioner’s argument as contrasted to concise, stern diction of the court of appeals. Conclusion The Supreme Court should affirm the Court of Appeals decision that the Colorado public accommodations law does not violate Phillips’ first amendment rights. Although a grey area exists in where to draw the line between discrimination and freedom of speech or religion, the Court of Appeals proposed the stronger argument. At the end of the day, CADA is not telling Masterpiece to completely alter his views on same-sex marriage, but rather, to simply offer service to all people, regardless of sexual orientation, if it wishes to operate as a public entity. As mentioned earlier, this case plays a huge role in ongoing fight for LGBTQ rights.

Traditional Media vs. New Media - 3106 Words

The Man Behind the Curtain Words do not stand in place of things, but instead of things. How can one talk about media in the world where media seems to be a shared dream (hallucination if you like), specter with divergent forms, common denominator with apparently little consensus among people of what it could even mean. Therefore, questions regarding the nature of medium, and consequently new media should not be sought exclusively in contemporary culture. Throughout this paper I will lay out two anecdotes which should illuminate more clearly not only the nature of the problem, but its lineage. When young Dorothy Gale accidentally ended up in the strange Land of Oz, the initial bewilderment she experienced in an unknown land quickly gave†¦show more content†¦Meaning in the age of intelligent machines This proposed unidirectional laying out of the media value chain cannot account for all the specificities that take part in cultural processes. If the one side of the spectrum refers to the traditional notion of hierarchical medium that controls the flow of information from the producer to its receiver, the other side underlines the importance of â€Å"audience† as constitutive for the interpretation of messages. In other words, the same permissiveness that enables dominant media structures to influence a wide array of people through cultural hegemony, at the same time makes space for the oppositional and negotiated reading of the same media value chain. Stuart Hall outlined this theory in his famous essay Encoding/Decoding (1973). In this way, studies of media practices took into account not only the (hegemonic) nature of dominant structures, but also habitus of audience who now had to opportunity not to be subjected to a particular kind of reading. Race, culture, class, ethn icity, geography and such were all part of necessary conditions that should be considered when talking about media production and values. 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Logistics Case Study Demands of Customers and Markets

Question: Discuss about theLogistics Case Studyfor Demands of Customers and Markets. Answer: Introduction Although most companies might claim to respond to the changing demands of customers and markets, very few of them have requisite agility within their supply chains to make deliveries in such claims. Zara is one firm that stands out. The firm rapidly designs, produces and ships the latest fashion to its stores in far off locations. Zara logistics case study provides a description of how the firm, operating in Galician La Coruna in North-west Spain, has been able to maintain its flexibility and speed in its industry of garments (Tiplady, 2006). The case illustrates a fast-response global producer, supplier and retail network. The success of the company is as a result of logistic management strategies derived from the seven supply chain management principles listed in the case. Analysis of Issues in the Case Zaras case study raises a number of issues. It also points out where the company is based, and states that it is one of the fastest growing companies. Unlike any other companies, the case makes it clear that the success of its growth is because of a clearly defined supply chain. Unlike its competitors, Zaras supply chain is fast and its inventory levels are low (Sheffi , 2012). Consumers love it when they order products and get them within a short time of waiting. The case indicates that most apparel companies like Zara end up failing because they face difficulties in this area (Malviya, 2015; Mangan, Lalwani and Lalwani, 2016). According to the author, the manufacturers are hindered by obsolesce of their products, and are later stuck with those products because the market does not want them. The problem with this is that they do not have ways to get rid of the products. This is a form of wastage that lean systems work hard to eliminate. The other issue that the case raises is the distance between sections of the same organization. Some organizations fail because a product has to be moved distances before it is completed and taken to the customer. This leads to wastage of time and delays for the customers. Zara eliminates this problem by ensuring that all the processes take place under one roof, from design to packaging of the product (Mangan, Lalwani and Lalwani, 2016). When everything is done in one facility, colleagues easily consult each other in case problems with the product arise. In addition, the case study raises the issue of distribution of the complete product. Zara ships the finished products to its stores worldwide according to the schedule that it has created. If customers are asked to wait for their products after two weeks, they are guaranteed and are sure they would get the product at that short period. Most companies fail in this section. Customers lose faith because by the time they come back to collect their products from the stores, they are disappointed by the news that the product is not yet available. The case points out that store managers at Zara use handheld devices so that they can maintain the schedule. With the devices, they are able to post real-time orders. Another issue raised is the visibility of the supply chain. All the individuals along the supply chain are able to tell where a particular product is, that is, from the store managers to designers and manufacturers on site. Most companies that fail here because they cannot track the exact position of the ordered product. This leads to wrong information being delivered to the customers. In addition, the case study points at the adequacy within the company. Unlike in other companies, Zara has spare capacity ready. If trucks, warehouses or certain products are required urgently, the firm is able to provide them immediately. This ensures that there are no delays within the supply chain. Companies that do not have ready supply capacity waste a lot of time as they wait for the one that has failed to be repaired (Mangan, Lalwani and Lalwani, 2016). This trend makes the customers uneasy and they end up finding for alternative firms that they can trust. Zaras case study is closely examined by other companies because the firm has managed to eliminate most problems along the supply chain for fast and unique retailing. Logistics Management Strategies That Enable Zara to Be Successful The first strategy that makes Zara so successful is its ability to maintain the lessons learned and make them the foundations of the business. Since its establishment, the firm has always been aware of what is happening in the market, and it does everything possible to adapt to those changes. The story of Zara dates back in 1963. In that year, Amancio Ortega Gaona began manufacturing women lingerie and pajamas for wholesalers (Walt, 2013). However, in 1975, a German customer cancelled a large order and Ortega was prompted to open the first Zara retail shop. The initial intention was to have an outlet where cancelled orders can be retailed (Ehrmann, 2016). The experience taught the company the importance liking manufacturing and retailing. The company is always guided by this lesson. Its job is to maintain the connection between the factory and the customers. Another strategy is the synergy between operations and business. The companys overarching strategy is to ensure that it grows with vertical integrations through diversification. Zara acclimatizes couture designs, manufactures them, distribute them and retails the garments within a fortnight of the original designs first appearance on catwalks. The firm owns the supply chain and ensures that it competes on its own speed to market. It is their brand to value responsiveness and speed to latest fashion trends. The company was once labeled by New York Times, mind-spinningly supersonic because of its high speed (Jacob, 2012). The firms other strategy is the just-in-time production strategy. Zara delivers trendy and fashionable numbers for different tastes via an integrated and controlled process just-in-time (Folpe, 2010). In order to succeed in this, the company keeps a good amount of what it produces in-house and ensures that its factories reserve about eighty five percent of that capacity for adjustments within seasons. In-house manufacturing enables the company to maintain its flexibility in frequency, amounts and variety of new products to be launched. The firm is able to maintain this trend because of its heavy reliance on sophisticated textile sourcing and sewing amenities located near design factories in Spain. The other strategy that Zara uses is for its success is creation of shortage and demands. The firm has more capacity that responds to demand as it occurs and changes. For instance, Zara operates four days weekly on full time and around the clock, leaving time for more shifts as well as temporary labor that can be added when required. This high capacity results to frequent shipping of the products created. As more new garments are supplied, more customers visit the stores, creating a shortage and opportunity environment. This strategy enables the company to provide customers with more fashion at full price because they are able to experience exclusiveness and scarcity. The total price is reduced as a result of the marked down merchandize in comparison to that of competitors. Maintenance of a Sustainable Competitive Advantage The company should do more to maintain its success in future. In its logistics and throughout the supply chain, the firm should employ the lean system (The Ends Report, 2012). All the way from raw materials to finished products on shelves, the company should ensure that there is no wastage. Currently, the company commits 6 months in advance to approximately twenty percent of the seasons line. By the beginning of the season, Zara locks in sixty percent of its line at the beginning of the season. This means that 40 to 50 percent of its garments are designed and produced within the middle of the season. The firm gets to work when a certain design is a must-have and new in the street. Zara has maintained the trend of churning out new styles and fast-tracking them to their stores around the globe. While this is good, the firm should always control the amount produced to ensure that wastage is eliminated according to lean system. It is important for the company to invest in Information technology systems that would be used in collection of data, data processing and analysis. Through such systems, trends of what and how customers make their purchases will be visible and enable the company make appropriate plans and strategies (Sanders, 2016). Currently, the managers for the respective stores communicate to the designers and manufacturers on the feedback they get from customers, that is, what they like, dislike and the type of clothes they are looking for. Integration of IT systems in future would enable customers provide their views without necessarily stepping to Zaras stores. In addition, the company should ensure that the wages of the European workers is more than those of the counterparts in the developing countries (Pendleton and Finkel, 2016). This will help the firm to keep its best talents. Zara Compared to Myer, Dell and a Fortune 500 Company Myer Myer is the largest chain group in the retail industry within Australia. It consists of more 67 stores strategically located in different locations. The stores have particular brands and have embraced mobile, digital and online platforms. The company has created a socially dependable enterprise and keeps manageability as the foundation of the business. Manageability considers social effects, finance and ecology of the business systems. Pillars created by the business include: more than 50 million Myer reward cards have been distributed to customers; Individual rewards are used by My Myer team to improve development; community contribution and support helps create relationship with society through my community; and finally, use of My environment reduces the firms energy use (Westcott and Pendleton, 2013). Dell Dell pays attention to clients and pay attention to what their PCs require. The firms motto is Learn, Listen and Convey. Direct model enabled the company to be proficient on supply chain. According to their model, they do not make to stock, they make to arrange. This reduces the duration of process. The company empowered its full production through the following four stages: keeping track of what was taking place in the business, designing a supply chain that meets the requirements of its customers, ensuring that capacity is enabled, and stabilizing the situation to make sure it works (Grinnell, J. and Muise, 2011). There is a rivalry between Myer, Dell and Zara in terms of design and retail business. Although Myer is costly, it is effective. Both Myer and Zara puts much focus on the customers. However, Zara takes its time to listen to the customer and do what they want. In contrast to Myer, the strategy that makes Zara a favorite is the supply chain technique (Bonnin, 2012). The firm is very fast new garments are conveyed as expected. Items that are not sold are taken back to the headquarters and shipped to places where demand is high. Dell is a successful acclaimed company with PCs. Like Zara, Dell listens to customers and delivers what they require. Dell uses a basic supply chain, that is, customer, to Dell, to suppliers. Zaras supply chain is a bit complex because the firm includes planners, producers, circulations and sources to all stores. Supply chain at Dell is Horizontal whereas that at Zara is vertical. Dell manufactures PCs after customers request for them in order to eliminate stock expense. Zara, on the other hand, has more distribution centers where they supply the complete products. Fortune 500 Company- Toyota Toyota is a fortune 500 company currently ranked at position 8. The firm is a pioneer in the car industry even though it has been facing challenges. The challenges made the company lose a market to Volkswagen and General Motors. Lean manufacturing is ascribed to Toyota firm. One of the foundations that made the company successful is the creation of global destinations such as Malaysia, Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, France and US (Dutta, 2011). Also, Toyota succeeded because it created an administration that incorporated the firms supply chain. The assembling frameworks at Zara are displayed according to thoughts that were created from Toyota. For instance, operations with high economy of scale are directed to Zaras in-house cost reduction. Conclusions In conclusion, Zara has succeeded because of the logistic management strategies that it has put in place. The firm has thousands of stores all over the world. However, garments to all those stores are designed and manufactured in a facility in Spain. This represents a very wide market served by a single base. The firm therefore strives to meet needs of all its customers by ensuring that all its activities are well coordinated. For this purpose, store managers use handheld devices to provide real-time information of customers orders, both to the designers and to the customer. The firm has adequate resources to ensure that the supply process goes on even after breakdowns occur. In addition, the supply chain has been made visible. In order to succeed, the company recognizes the importance of customer feedback. Feedback creates an inextricable link between customers and designers. Special teams act on the feedback received from the stores in order to maintain the companys brand. All thes e strategies are derived from the seven supply chain planning principles. Recommendations Globalization has been the way to go for most companies. Zara is not an exception. According to Forbes.com (2016), the company is ranked position 53 in the worlds most valuable brands. The clothing retailer is currently in 88 countries with more than 2,100 stores globally. Even after such expansion, Berfield and Baigorri (2014) argue that the firm is not ready to put its ecosystem to a test. Zara is a global company that does not act locally. Researchers argue that the secret of the companys success is its centralization. Having its major operations in Spain alone makes the company to make decisions in a very controlled and coordinated manner. This trend poses the risk of the firm losing a share of its market as competitors increase. This risk can be eliminated by opening a second factory elsewhere. In this case, the best recommendation is for the company to create another base from which it will be designing and manufacturing its garments, just like it is done in the Spain headquarters. With 142 stores, China has the largest number of stores after Spain. This would be probably the second best place to create a factory. In the past, other retailers have tried to expand their base and they faced complete closure. A good example is the Borders Group Inc. book retailers. However, strategy missteps and mistakes can be avoided by closely monitoring market trends and customer feedbacks. Once the company opens a second factory elsewhere, it should maintain the same culture as it has always done. For instance, the new factory should maintain the schedule of taking orders twice per week and making the deliveries. With proper coordination, monitoring and evaluation, the firm will continue to do better in future. References Bonnin, AR 2012, 'The Fashion Industry in Galicia: Understanding the 'Zara' Phenomenon', European Planning Studies, 10, 4, pp. 519-527 Dutta, P. (2011). Corporate Sustainability: A Case Study on Toyota Motor Corporation. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 4(8), pp.105-108. Ehrmann, C 2016, 'Zara's first Michigan store to be at Somerset', Crain's Detroit Business, 32, 48, p. 0005, Folpe, J. M. (2010). Zara Has a Made-to-Order Plan for Success. Fortune, 142(5), 80. Grinnell, J. and Muise, C. (2011). Dell Computers: Competing Toward Decline?. Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS), 6(3). Jacobs, A. (2012). At Zara, in Midtown, Its All a Tribute. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/29/fashion/at-zara-in-midtown-its-all-a-tribute.html?_r=0 [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. Berfield, M. and Baigorri, M. (2014). Zara's Fast-Fashion Edge. [online] Bloomberg.com. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-11-14/2014-outlook-zaras-fashion-supply-chain-edge [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016]. Malviya, S. (2015). Zara becomes the first apparel brand in India to cross $100-million sales mark. [online] The Economic Times. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/garments-/-textiles/zara-becomes-the-first-apparel-brand-in-india-to-cross-100-million-sales-mark/articleshow/48011626.cms [Accessed 6 Dec. 2016]. Mangan, J., Lalwani, C. and Lalwani, C. (2016). Global logistics and supply chain management. 1st ed. New York: John Wiley Sons. Pendleton, D, Finkel, I 2016, 'A Zara of Modesty Rises in Turkey', Bloomberg Businessweek, 4467, pp. 28-29, Sanders, NR 2016, 'How to Use Big Data to Drive Your Supply Chain', California Management Review, 58, 3, pp. 26-48, Sheffi, Y 2012, Logistics Clusters : Delivering Value And Driving Growth, Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost, viewed 6 December 2016. The Ends Report 2012, Zara Joins Phase-Out Of Supply Chain Toxins', Ends (Environmental Data Services), 455, p. 20, GreenFILE, EBSCOhost, viewed 6 December 2016. Tiplady, R 2006, 'Zara: Taking the Lead in Fast-Fashion', Businessweek Online, p. 3, Walt, V 2013, 'Meet the Third-Richest Man in the World', Fortune, 167, 1, p. 74 Westcott, M. and Pendleton, A. (2013). Private equity and labour management in Australia: The case of Myer. Journal of Industrial Relations, 55(5), pp.723-742.

Promoting Literacy to Students The Challenges and the Solutions

The issue of literacy among students has gained considerable topicality since recently. Because of its provoking matter and the challenging problems, it is worth researching. With the help of efficient solutions, literacy among students can be increased. Thus, basing the research on the theory of phonetic awareness, one can presume that the roots of low literacy rates are going to be found and that the most efficient means of improving literacy rates are going to be found.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Promoting Literacy to Students: The Challenges and the Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, the purpose of the given study is to define the major obstacles which prevent modern teaching from providing efficient knowledge about the language and the way it works. In addition, the study aims at searching for the probable solutions for the given issue and raising the literacy levels among people, as w ell as finding the ways to establish the means to teach the required rules of the English language in future efficiently. It is worth mentioning that the given research is based on solid theoretical basis and makes efficient use of the relevant sources. The research focuses on the ideas offered by National Institute for Literacy (2011) in the book Put reading first: The research building blocks for teaching children to read. Explaining the basics about the way people acquire the necessary literacy skills, the book provides an all-embracing overview of the practices which are required to make people more literate. According to the results of the research conducted by the National Institute for Literacy, it is necessary to teach the basic literacy skills at a very early age; hence, a very specific solution concerning the ideas for a training program for young children are going to be suggested. However, the other source used in the given research should also be given credit to for its extensive descriptions of the ways in which literacy can be enhanced. In his book Literacy: Help students construct their meaning, Cooper (2011) offers a large set of various practices which can lead to a considerable increase in literacy level. With the help of the colorful descriptions and striking examples, the author shows the way a child’s brain works, thus, helping to develop the which activities will enhance the students’ literacy. At present, the hypothesis for the given research concerns the active promotion of phonetic awareness. Once enhancing the students’ knowledge on phonetics, a teacher can expect an increase in literacy levels. The research is going to be designed in such a way so that the design of certain activities based on a corresponding theory should be supported with a real-life evidence (e.g., opinion polls held among teachers and the statistic data on the students’ efficiency).Advertising Looking for proposal on education? L et's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it must be added that the research also has its limitations. Since the issue concerns the general level of literacy, the specifics of each child are not going to be taken into consideration. However, average data will still be of great help in offering solutions for the problem. Thus, it can be considered that the given research is going to be rather significant, since the issue presented above is a serious problem for the modern society. Once learning how to encourage children to read more, thus, learning more about various aspects of written language subconsciously, people will be able to pass to a different level of social development, creating the society where people are going to learn the basic principles of literacy since their early childhood. Reference List Cooper, J. D., et al. (2011) Literacy: Help students construct their meaning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Cengage Learning. National Inst itute for Literacy. (2011). Put reading first: The research building blocks  for teaching children to read. Washington, DC: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and U. S. Department of Education. Retrieved from: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/ This proposal on Promoting Literacy to Students: The Challenges and the Solutions was written and submitted by user Jul1us to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.